Crowding out is a phenomenon focused upon most by the macroeconomists of whereby a government deficit interest rates, which in turn private investment spending. this group also believed that fiscal policy is the only thing that can lower natural unemployment. is just as effective in countering recessions as monetary policy. can be used most of the time, but monetary policy becomes a better option when velocity is fluctuating. should be used only if the central bank follows a monetary policy rule. faces problematic lags in propagating changes throughout the economy.

a. follows a monetary policy rule.

Explanation:

Crowind out refers to the activity of the governemnt in a market in such a manner that impact the rest of the market whether by supply or demand.

The centrla bank should look whether the LM is more close to horizontal formtherefore, full multiplier effect on the government multiplier and no change associate with the interest rate making no crowind-out effect or as littler as possible when the LM line is almost horizontal.

But, when the LM line is vertical or almost vertical the spending will have no impact in the ouput. Hence it will only acomplish the crowind out effect as it removes loanable fund from private sector making the interest rate increase

Crowding out is of the position that fiscal policy should be used only if the central bank b) faces problematic lags in propagating changes throughout the economy.

Explanation:

A situation when increased interest rates lead to a reduction in private investment spending such that it dampens the initial increase of total investment spending is called crowding out effect.

The crowding out effect suggests rising public sector spending drives down private sector spending.

There are three main reasons for the crowding out effect to take place: economics, social welfare, and infrastructure.